Maria, an impressionable teenager, picks up a fashion magazine and sees an immaculate image of a model with perfectly coiffed hair, impeccable make-up, and dazzling smile.The model’s body—her ample chest, narrow waist, and unbelievably long legs—reminds Maria of a doll she used to play with when she was younger.The more she stares at the cover, the more she desires to be like her.Forgetting that she is 5’1 and has a big frame, Maria exercises and diets like a maniac; she needs to have the look because ingrained in her subconscious is the image of the model as her standard of beauty.Unknown to her, the image that she admires has been digitally enhanced—the model’s body “doctored” to perfection.
Digital manipulation is one of the many effects of the advancement of technology.Its history dates back to the 19th century when photography was considered ‘a combination of artistic, technical, theatrical, and entrepreneurial achievement’ (qtd. in Webber 89).During this time, photographic alteration was limited to accommodate requests from the middle class to make minor retouches on their portraiture, like removing unflattering wrinkles or pock marks.However, today digital manipulation has become a norm in many magazines, and the extent to which magazines use the technique goes beyond minor retouches.Because digital manipulation raises a number of ethical concerns, magazines should cease its practice.
The staff of magazines should know that digital manipulation is a form of deceit, and as such can be considered a serious disservice a magazine can give its readers.Being a form of media, magazines are considered sources of credible information.However, if magazines continue to use digitally altered photos, their reputation for fairness and objectivity is compromised.Take, for example, the photo of O.J. Simpson that appeared in Time magazine during his trial.Time ran a photograph of his police mug shot but altered it to make him look darker and more menacing.This edition of the magazine drew a great deal of criticism because as Jane Tallim,a media awareness education specialist, notes, “Not only were there concerns regarding Simpson’s right to a fair trial, but these images also fed public debate about racial stereotyping.”To defend its editorial position, the Time magazine’s editor wrote, “The harshness of the mug shot - the merciless bright light, the stubble on Simpson’s face, the cold specificity of the picture - had been subtly smoothed and shaped into an icon of tragedy” (qtd. in Long).The magazine’s defense seems to suggest that photo alteration is justifiable if it reinforces the drama of a story.However, this guideline seems to be slippery because it makes truth so relative, blurring the divide between what is real and an unacceptable embellishment of truth.Manipulating a picture to shape an editorial statement risks a magazine’s credibility.
With technology, the deception seems to be escalating too.In the September 1994 issue of Mirabella, the fashion magazine had a cover photo with a caption, “Who is the face of America?”It was discovered that the photo is not one model, but “a composite picture that was created by combining six pictures of six different women” (Tallim).While the idea is clever technologically, its representation of what is real is questionable.
Not only is digital manipulation deceiving, it is also disrespectful to people whose images it changes, as in the cases of cover models in fashion and lifestyle magazines.Famous celebrities Nelly Furtado and Kate Winslet have complained after their body images have been butchered to meet the magazines’ requirements.Nelly Furtado’s image on FHM magazine was altered because the editor’s thought that she needed to have a flatter stomach.Furtado lamented how easily a cover of a magazine can take away an image one has built over the years (Tallim).Another example is Kate Winslet’s case, which is ironic because in the GQ magazine’s article she complains about people’s obsession with thinness, and yet her photo in the magazine was altered to make her look thinner and her legs longer. Actress Jamie Lee Curtis reacted to GQ’s treatment of Winslet’s photos: “So what the editors are saying is, the reason Kate Winslet looks sexier than ever is because she’s slim.…So the crazy thing is the message that you’re only sexier than ever if you’re slim.That’s insane” (qtd. in “Real Beauty”). Media practitioners in magazines claim that these alterations present the artists in a better light and are actually beneficial to them.While the good intention is there, the line of thinking is a big slap across the artists’ faces.Don’t they look good enough?Do they need technology to make them more presentable?And what does this say about the idea of beauty?Tallim raises a valid concern when she said:
Only a small percentage of the population can meet the physical demands of a supermodel.But now apparently, even they can’t reach the necessary standard of perfection.If Kate Winslet can’t meet the standard for a magazine cover, what chance do the rest of us have? … Why is this unattainable attractiveness for boys and girls being pushed to the limit? (qtd. in Cobb)
The biggest ethical concern of digital manipulation is on its effect on ordinary people—those who are not in the limelight.It promotes an unrealistic image that may aggravate people’s body insecurities and cause unhealthy eating habits.Fashion and entertainment magazines have been at the forefront in the promotion of unattainable standards of beauty—dictating the ideal size, skin type and color.For example, in 1990, Michelle Pfeiffer was featured in Esquire magazine in an article entitled, “What Michelle Pfeiffer Needs…Is Absolutely Nothing.”However, in 1995, Adbusters revealed that the magazine was actually billed $1, 525 in photo touch ups for Michelle’s “flawless image” (Tallim).Having no knowledge of this fact, impressionable readers would think that Michelle Pfeiffer had that natural look and would wonder how nature can be so generous to some and cruel to most.
If magazines continue to alter the images of their models, making them look thinner and unnaturally perfect, they send the message to the readers that that is what beautiful should look like.Imagine its effect on people who struggle about their looks and cannot meet these expectations.They will wallow in self-pity, and their self-esteem will be lowered. They may even be likely to develop eating disorders since it has been found that eating disorders can be caused by psychological factors.If people with low self-esteem are bombarded with messages that to be beautiful, one has to be thin–as promoted by most ma
Maria, an impressionable teenager, picks up a fashion magazine and sees an immaculate image of a model with perfectly coiffed hair, impeccable make-up, and dazzling smile.The model’s body—her ample chest, narrow waist, and unbelievably long legs—reminds Maria of a doll she used to play with when she was younger.The more she stares at the cover, the more she desires to be like her.Forgetting that she is 5’1 and has a big frame, Maria exercises and diets like a maniac; she needs to have the look because ingrained in her subconscious is the image of the model as her standard of beauty.Unknown to her, the image that she admires has been digitally enhanced—the model’s body “doctored” to perfection.
Digital manipulation is one of the many effects of the advancement of technology.Its history dates back to the 19th century when photography was considered ‘a combination of artistic, technical, theatrical, and entrepreneurial achievement’ (qtd. in Webber 89).During this time, photographic alteration was limited to accommodate requests from the middle class to make minor retouches on their portraiture, like removing unflattering wrinkles or pock marks.However, today digital manipulation has become a norm in many magazines, and the extent to which magazines use the technique goes beyond minor retouches.Because digital manipulation raises a number of ethical concerns, magazines should cease its practice.
The staff of magazines should know that digital manipulation is a form of deceit, and as such can be considered a serious disservice a magazine can give its readers.Being a form of media, magazines are considered sources of credible information.However, if magazines continue to use digitally altered photos, their reputation for fairness and objectivity is compromised.Take, for example, the photo of O.J. Simpson that appeared in Time magazine during his trial.Time ran a photograph of his police mug shot but altered it to make him look darker and more menacing.This edition of the magazine drew a great deal of criticism because as Jane Tallim,a media awareness education specialist, notes, “Not only were there concerns regarding Simpson’s right to a fair trial, but these images also fed public debate about racial stereotyping.”To defend its editorial position, the Time magazine’s editor wrote, “The harshness of the mug shot - the merciless bright light, the stubble on Simpson’s face, the cold specificity of the picture - had been subtly smoothed and shaped into an icon of tragedy” (qtd. in Long).The magazine’s defense seems to suggest that photo alteration is justifiable if it reinforces the drama of a story.However, this guideline seems to be slippery because it makes truth so relative, blurring the divide between what is real and an unacceptable embellishment of truth.Manipulating a picture to shape an editorial statement risks a magazine’s credibility.
With technology, the deception seems to be escalating too.In the September 1994 issue of Mirabella, the fashion magazine had a cover photo with a caption, “Who is the face of America?”It was discovered that the photo is not one model, but “a composite picture that was created by combining six pictures of six different women” (Tallim).While the idea is clever technologically, its representation of what is real is questionable.
Not only is digital manipulation deceiving, it is also disrespectful to people whose images it changes, as in the cases of cover models in fashion and lifestyle magazines.Famous celebrities Nelly Furtado and Kate Winslet have complained after their body images have been butchered to meet the magazines’ requirements.Nelly Furtado’s image on FHM magazine was altered because the editor’s thought that she needed to have a flatter stomach.Furtado lamented how easily a cover of a magazine can take away an image one has built over the years (Tallim).Another example is Kate Winslet’s case, which is ironic because in the GQ magazine’s article she complains about people’s obsession with thinness, and yet her photo in the magazine was altered to make her look thinner and her legs longer. Actress Jamie Lee Curtis reacted to GQ’s treatment of Winslet’s photos: “So what the editors are saying is, the reason Kate Winslet looks sexier than ever is because she’s slim.…So the crazy thing is the message that you’re only sexier than ever if you’re slim.That’s insane” (qtd. in “Real Beauty”). Media practitioners in magazines claim that these alterations present the artists in a better light and are actually beneficial to them.While the good intention is there, the line of thinking is a big slap across the artists’ faces.Don’t they look good enough?Do they need technology to make them more presentable?And what does this say about the idea of beauty?Tallim raises a valid concern when she said:
Only a small percentage of the population can meet the physical demands of a supermodel.But now apparently, even they can’t reach the necessary standard of perfection.If Kate Winslet can’t meet the standard for a magazine cover, what chance do the rest of us have? … Why is this unattainable attractiveness for boys and girls being pushed to the limit? (qtd. in Cobb)
The biggest ethical concern of digital manipulation is on its effect on ordinary people—those who are not in the limelight.It promotes an unrealistic image that may aggravate people’s body insecurities and cause unhealthy eating habits.Fashion and entertainment magazines have been at the forefront in the promotion of unattainable standards of beauty—dictating the ideal size, skin type and color.For example, in 1990, Michelle Pfeiffer was featured in Esquire magazine in an article entitled, “What Michelle Pfeiffer Needs…Is Absolutely Nothing.”However, in 1995, Adbusters revealed that the magazine was actually billed $1, 525 in photo touch ups for Michelle’s “flawless image” (Tallim).Having no knowledge of this fact, impressionable readers would think that Michelle Pfeiffer had that natural look and would wonder how nature can be so generous to some and cruel to most.
If magazines continue to alter the images of their models, making them look thinner and unnaturally perfect, they send the message to the readers that that is what beautiful should look like.Imagine its effect on people who struggle about their looks and cannot meet these expectations.They will wallow in self-pity, and their self-esteem will be lowered. They may even be likely to develop eating disorders since it has been found that eating disorders can be caused by psychological factors.If people with low self-esteem are bombarded with messages that to be beautiful, one has to be thin–as promoted by most magazines– they will develop an unhealthy sense of things.They will think that “if fat is bad and thin is good, then thinner is better, and thinnest is best — even if thinnest is sixty-eight pounds in a hospital bed on life support” (“What Causes”).
Digital manipulation is certainly a human achievement in technology.It allows people with the necessary skills and technology to combine a number of images into a seamless whole.It has upgraded photography as an art.It has helped filmmakers in creating impressive special effects.However, it has no place in the business where truth and reality matter.Presenting a manipulated look of what should be real weakens a magazine’s reputation, and as John Long, a former president of the National Press Photographers Association, reminds his colleagues, “Journalists have only one thing to offer the public and that is CREDIBILITY.…Without credibility we have nothing. …Without the trust of the public we cannot exist as a profession.”Aside from this, magazines have a social responsibility to enrich culture and not contribute to society’s decay.What kind of society perpetuates an unreasonable and unattainable standard, making its people suffer?
Magazines, as mirrors of society, should refrain from embellishing the truth and present things as they happen.As a powerful medium, they should not cultivate stereotypes that may be detrimental to the well-being of their public.When magazines stop publishing altered photographs, every image they use will reflect more accurately who and what happens in society.Nobody will be left out, and the danger of misrepresentation will be minimized.
And things will be much different for Maria.She picks up a magazine and sees an immaculate image of a model—tall, thin, and beautiful.She spots another magazine and sees an equally immaculate image of another model—short, stocky, and beautiful.Maria smiles.Now she has more choices.